Frontline Firepower: Comparing Russian and Ukrainian Weapons in the War for Ukraine
- Matthew Parish
- 6 days ago
- 3 min read
As the war in Ukraine continues into its third year, the battlefield is characterised by a complex interplay of weaponry, tactics, and international support. Both Russian and Ukrainian forces employ a range of infantry, artillery, and aerial weapons, with varying degrees of effectiveness and technological sophistication. This article examines the key weapon systems used by both sides along the front line, compares their capabilities, and assesses the potential impact of advanced European weaponry, such as Germany’s Taurus missiles, on the conflict’s trajectory.
Infantry Weapons: Portability and Precision
Russian Forces
Russian infantry units are equipped with a mix of legacy and modern systems. The AK-74M assault rifle remains a standard issue, complemented by newer models like the AK-12 which has been criticised for its somewhat harsh vertical and horizontal recoil. For anti-tank operations, Russian troops utilise systems such as the RPG-29 and the Kornet anti-tank guided missile (ATGM).
Ukrainian Forces
Ukraine’s infantry carry a wide variety of assault rifles, including Soviet-era stocks such as the AK-74 but also a variety of NATO-compatible rifles manufactured in Ukraine since 2022 including the Fort-221 / 224. The US M4 Carbine is also widely used by frontline units and special operations forces. The Ukrainian arsenal has been significantly enhanced by Western aid. Notably, the US-supplied FGM-148 Javelin and the United Kingdom’s NLAW (Next Generation Light Anti-Tank Weapon) have proven effective against Russian armour. The Javelin offers a fire-and-forget capability with top-attack profiles, while the NLAW provides lightweight, short-range anti-tank options.
Artillery: The Backbone of the Battlefield
Russian Artillery
Russia’s artillery capabilities are formidable, featuring systems like the BM-21 Grad multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) and the 2S19 Msta-S self-propelled howitzer. The BM-21 Grad can deliver a devastating salvo over a wide area, though with less precision compared to modern Western systems. It has an effective range of up to 50 kilometres, depending on the model.
Ukrainian Artillery
Ukraine has copied the BM-21 Grad and has also integrated Western artillery systems, including the US M777 towed howitzer and the German Panzerhaubitze 2000 (PzH 2000) self-propelled howitzer. The M777 offers mobility and precision, while the PzH 2000 provides rapid-fire capabilities with advanced targeting systems.
Aerial Weapons: Striking from Above
Russian Aerial Arsenal
Russia employs a range of aerial weapons, such as the Kh-101 air-launched cruise missile and the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic missile. The Kh-101 offers long-range precision strikes, while the Kinzhal’s high speed makes it challenging to intercept, though its operational effectiveness has been subject to debate; it keeps failing, and/or missing its target. The cost of a Kinzhal hypersonic missile is estimated to be about US$10 million, making them exorbitantly expensive for battlefield use.
Ukrainian Aerial Capabilities
Ukraine’s aerial strike capabilities have been bolstered by Western-supplied systems like the United States HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System) and the United Kingdom’s Storm Shadow cruise missiles. HIMARS provides precision targeting with mobility, while Storm Shadow missiles offer long-range strike options against high-value targets with virtually 100% accuracy.
The Taurus Missile: A Potential Game-Changer
Germany’s Taurus KEPD 350 air-launched cruise missile represents a significant advancement in Ukraine’s strike capabilities. With a range exceeding 500 kilometres, it surpasses the reach of both the Storm Shadow and the US ATACMS. The Taurus is equipped with a sophisticated warhead capable of penetrating hardened targets, such as bunkers and bridges, making it particularly effective against fortified Russian positions.
German Chancellor-in-Waiting Friedrich Merz’s commitment to supplying Taurus missiles to Ukraine could enhance Ukraine’s ability to disrupt Russian logistics and command structures deep behind the front lines. This development underscores the importance of advanced European weaponry in shifting the balance of power on the battlefield.
Conclusion: The Road Ahead
The ongoing conflict in Ukraine is marked by a dynamic evolution of military capabilities. While Russia continues to leverage its extensive arsenal, Ukraine’s integration of advanced Western weaponry has enhanced its defensive and offensive operations. The potential introduction of systems like the Taurus missile could further empower Ukrainian forces, highlighting the critical role of international support in shaping the war’s outcome. The current US talks with Russia seem not to be going anywhere quickly, with Russia expressly saying that no ceasefire agreement has yet been reached. Therefore further European investment in Ukraine's military will be required as the summer fighting season approaches.